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I. LÝ THUYẾT
1) Câu đơn, câu phức, câu ghép.
- Câu đơn bao gồm một mệnh đề độc lập.
- Câu ghép bao gồm hai hoặc nhiều hơn hai mệnh đề độc lập và được nối với nhau bằng các liên từ kết hợp như and, or, for, either…or, but, so, neither…nor,…
- Câu phức bao gồm một mệnh đề độc lập và một hoặc nhiều hơn một mệnh đề phụ thuộc được nối với nhau bằng các liên từ phụ thuộc: when, while, because, although, so that,…
2) Mệnh đề quan hệ với which
- Trong câu có mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, which được sử dụng để thay thế cho toàn bộ mệnh đề chính và trước nó là một dấu phẩy.
Ví dụ:
Burning coal is the main source of carbon dioxide emissions, which can cause global warming.
II. BÀI TẬP
1) Which of the following are simple, compound, or complex sentences? Tick the correct box.
| Simple | Compound | Complex | |
| 1. We should protect our environment from air pollution. | |||
| 2. The burning of fossil fuels has led to air pollution and deforestation has caused land erosion. | |||
| 3. If we do not stop deforestation, a lot of species will lose their habitats. | |||
| 4. For some people, a green lifestyle means eating organic food and wearing organic clothing. | |||
| 5. Animals that are raised on certified organic pastures provide organic meat. | |||
| 6. Because organic vegetables are grown without the use of chemical fertilisers, they are considered healthier. |
ĐÁP ÁN:
| 1. Simple | 2. Compound | 3. Complex |
| 4. Simple | 5. Complex | 6. Complex |
2) Combine the following simple sentences, using the words from the box.
| and | because | but | if | when | which |
1. We should all adopt a green lifestyle. We will help conserve our natural resources.
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2. Some foods taste good. These foods do not have many nutrients.
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3. We should keep the school air clean. This will improve students' concentration and help them to learn better.
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4. Germs can cause infections in parts of our body. Germs can make us feel unwell.
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5. We all start conserving the environment. We can all enjoy better living conditions.
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6. Coal remains one of the most important energy sources. Coal is still used in a lot of power plants.
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ĐÁP ÁN:
1. If we all adopt a green lifestyle, we will help conserve our natural resources.
2. Some foods taste good, but they do not have many nutrients.
3. We should keep the school air clean because this will improve students’ concentration and help them to learn better.
4. Germs can cause infections in parts of our body and can make us feel unwell.
5. When we all start conserving the environment, we can all enjoy better living conditions.
6. Coal, which is still used in a lot of power plants, remains one of the most important energy sources.
3) Combine the following sentences using WHICH
1. The water in this river is seriously polluted. This places some species of native fish in danger of extinction.
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2. The air in most classrooms in this school contains a lot of harmful gases. This is very worrying as many young children are studying here.
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3. We should all go green by practising the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. This is always encouraged by environmentalists.
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4. Illegal dumping is strictly prohibited in the town. This has helped to keep our environment clean and green.
................................................................................................................................................
5. Young people are starting to practise simple green living. This will help to save our planet for future generations.
................................................................................................................................................
ĐÁP ÁN:
1. The water in this river is seriously polluted, which places some species of native fish in danger of extinction.
2. The air in most classrooms in this school contains a lot of harmful gases, which is very worrying as many young children are studying here.
3. We should all go green by practising the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle, which is always encouraged by environmentalists.
4. Illegal dumping is strictly prohibited in the town, which has helped to keep our environment clean and green.
5. Young people are starting to practise simple green living, which will help to save our planet for future generations.
